There have been some notable achievements, in both advanced and developing countries, and there is abundant public policy literature advocating thoroughgoing collaboration.
In many democracies, citizen participation in policymaking and service design has been debated or attempted, but too infrequently realised.Such an approach honours the fundamental principle of a democratic state-that power is to be exercised through, and resides in, its citizens. Over the past decade, this view has been reframed to regard the public as ‘citizens’, whose agency matters and whose right to participate directly or indirectly in decisions that affect them should be actively facilitated. This New Public Management invoked entrepreneurialism, outputs and metrics, the cutting of red tape, and a view of the public as ‘consumers’. The APS has been involved in ongoing reform since the 1976 Coombs Royal Commission from which emerged a whole-of-government approach to public administration.The Australian Government’s report Ahead of the Game-the 2010 ‘blueprint’ for the reform of the Australian Public Service (APS)-is cast in this light. Concepts such ‘co-creation’ and ‘co-production’ have emerged to describe this systematic pursuit of sustained collaboration between government agencies, non-government organisations, communities and individual citizens.
The aim is to develop policies and design services that respond to individuals’ needs and are relevant to their circumstances.
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